One�dimensional convolutional neural network with adaptive moment estimation for modelling of the sand retention test

Stand�alone screens (SASs) are active sand control methods where compatible screens and slot sizes are selected through the sand retention test (SRT) to filter an unacceptable amount of sand produced from oil and gas wells. SRTs have been modelled in the laboratory using computer simulation to replicate experimental conditions and ensure that the selected screens are suitable for selected reservoirs. However, the SRT experimental setups and result analyses are not standardized. A few changes made to the experimental setup can cause a huge variation in results, leading to different plugging performance and sand retention analysis. Besides, conducting many laboratory experiments is expensive and time�consuming. Since the application of CNN in the petroleum industry attained promising results for both classification and regression problems, this method is proposed on SRT to reduce the time, cost, and effort to run the laboratory test by predicting the plugging performance and sand production. The application of deep learning has yet to be imposed in SRT. Therefore, in this study, a deep learning model using a one�dimensional convolutional neural network (1D�CNN) with adaptive moment estimation is developed to model the SRT with the aim of classifying plugging sign (screen plug, the screen does not plug) as well as to predict sand production and retained permeability using a varying sand distribution, SAS, screen slot size, and sand concentration as inputs. The performance of the proposed 1D�CNN model for the slurry test shows that the prediction of retained permeability and the classification of plugging sign achieved robust accuracy with more than a 90 value of R2, while the prediction of sand production achieved 77 accuracy. In addition, the model for the sand pack test achieved 84 accuracy in predicting sand production. For comparative model performance, gradient boosting (GB), K�nearest neighbor (KNN), random forest (RF), and support vector machine (SVM) were also modelled on the same datasets. The results showed that the proposed 1D�CNN model outperforms the other four machine learning models for both SRT tests in terms of prediction accuracy. © 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.