Energy management system design for good delivery electric trike equipped with different powertrain configurations

This paper demonstrates the design of an electric trike�s energy management system for a goods delivery service via various possible component configurations. A model of the energy management system was first developed based on general engineering vehicles� equations using Matlab software. Various component configurations, such as the usage of two battery types (lithium iron phosphate (LFP) and lithium nickel cobalt aluminum oxide (NCA)), implementation of three braking strategies (full mechanical, parallel, and series strategies), the presence of a range extender (RE), and various masses of range extenders were simulated by using the model. The driving cycle of the e-trike as input data in the simulation was obtained by driving the vehicle around Bandung City. Speed, distance, and elevation were obtained by using GPS-based software. The simulation results showed that the most efficient and effective component configuration was to use the serial regenerative braking strategy with no RE equipped. This configuration achieved an efficiency of 18.07 km/kWh. However, for a longer route, the usage of a 20-kg RE was required to prevent the state of charge drop below 30. The NCA with serial regenerative braking and 20-kg RE had an efficiency of 17.47 km/kWh for the complete route. © 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.