Swelling mechanism of urea cross-linked starch�lignin films in water

Sarwono, A. and Man, Z. and Bustam, M.A. and Subbarao, D. and Idris, A. and Muhammad, N. and Khan, A.S. and Ullah, Z. (2018) Swelling mechanism of urea cross-linked starch�lignin films in water. Environmental Technology (United Kingdom), 39 (12). pp. 1522-1532.

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Abstract

Coating fertilizer particles with thin films is a possibility to control fertilizer release rates. It is observed that novel urea cross-linked starch�lignin composite thin films, prepared by solution casting, swell on coming into contact with water due to the increase in volume by water uptake by diffusion. The effect of lignin content, varied from 0 to 20 in steps of 5 at three different temperatures (25°C, 35°C and 45°C), on swelling of the film was investigated. By gravimetric analysis, the equilibrium water uptake and diffusion coefficient decrease with lignin content, indicating that the addition of lignin increases the hydrophobicity of the films. When temperature increases, the diffusion coefficient and the amount of water absorbed tend to increase. Assuming that swelling of the thin film is by water uptake by diffusion, the diffusion coefficient is estimated. The estimated diffusion coefficient decreases from 4.3 to 2.1 � 10�7 cm2/s at 25°C, from 5.3 to 2.9 � 10�7cm2/s at 35°C and from 6.2 to 3.8 � 10�7 cm2/s at 45°C depending on the lignin content. Activation energy for the increase in diffusion coefficient with temperature is observed to be 16.55 kJ/mol. An empirical model of water uptake as a function of percentage of lignin and temperature was also developed based on Fick�s law. © 2017 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.

Item Type: Article
Impact Factor: cited By 0
Depositing User: Mr Ahmad Suhairi Mohamed Lazim
Date Deposited: 01 Aug 2018 00:58
Last Modified: 01 Aug 2018 00:58
URI: http://scholars.utp.edu.my/id/eprint/20628

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